The History Of Radio Essays - Broadcast Engineering,

The History of Radio In 1844, Samuel Morse successfully demonstrated an invention known as the telegraph. The telegraph, which Morse invented in 1832, consisted of a current charged wire, location points (A and B), and a current breaker, which could be used to send dashes and dots. These dashes and dots could be successfully understood at the other end of the cable, thus introducing the world to Morse code. Thirty-two years later, a man by the name of Alexander Graham Bell introduced a device that would come to be known as the telephone. With Graham's device, people could actually talk to each other by using a series of connecting lines placed between the sender and receiver. At the time, the United States wanted to use this as a means for communications at sea. The only problem was that there was not a wireless form in existence. In 1897 everything changed. An Italian inventor named Guglielmo Marconi, developed the first ?wireless? system and patented it in Great Britain. In 1899, a steam ship was equipped with Marconi's device and used it to transmit the results of a yacht race back to the shore. The beginning of a new era in mass communications was beginning. As the dreams of transmitting speech and live concerts to secondary locations grew, a man by the name of Reginald Fessenden (?flyboy? Regi F to his peep's?not really but I though that might help break up the monotony of reading twenty papers over the same subject) stepped in with his application of a continuos wave super imposed on another wave created by sound. In 1905, a man by the name of Lee de Forest developed a radio vacuum tube that he called the Audion. The Audion was inspired by the invention of a glass bulb detector that had been created a few years earlier by John Fleming. This enabled the telephone to receive and amplify sound and was a key element in the development of radio broadcasting. In order to gain publicity for his ventures, de Forest spent a night on top of the Eiffel Tower broadcasting music, which was received by people up to 500 miles away. De Forest used radio as a medium to educate and uplift his audience by broadcasting opera's and broadcasting the presidential returns in 1916. By 1917, there were close to nine thousand radio transmitters in the United States. When the U.S. declared war on Germany, transmitters were either shut down, or taken over by the armed forces. With the First World War, came advances in the industry. The Allies convinced all the companies to work together in establishing interchangeable parts. Over the course of the War, the Navy continued to communicate with America's armed forces and in 1918, even broadcast President Wilson's appeal for peace to the citizens of Germany. The Navy became worried by the end of the war that Marconi's British company might be in the position to take over control of world communications. In an effort to pre-empt Marconi, Navy officials and General Electric president Owen Young formed the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in 1919. The government then turned over all of the American Marconi stations that had been seized by the Navy during the war, to RCA. With the support of AT&T and General Electric, RCA would soon dominate communications in and out of America. By the 1920's, radio had become more than just a means for ship to shore communication. Stations began to pop up all over the country and corporate America, along with the public, began to take notice. Westinghouse began manufacturing and selling radio units. As an incentive to buy the units, programming was developed. AT&T was not pleased. They believed that under the RCA agreement, they were the only one's who could set up radio stations. In their view, radio stations were nothing short of over sized telephone booths that could be used to communicate over long geographical distances. In order to keep people listening in the interim, they began having people on the air to play music or to sing. In 1922, AT&T was approached by a developer who wanted to build Hawthorne Estates. His proposal was to pay AT&T money to talk about the

4th Of the World Lives In The Third World †Economics Essay

3/4th Of the World Lives In The Third World – Economics Essay Free Online Research Papers 3/4th Of the World Lives In The Third World Economics Essay â€Å"More than three fourths of the world’s population live in developing countries but they only enjoy 16% of the world’s income while the richest 20% have 85% of global income.† Despite these startling statistics, concern for the developing countries of the world is a recent phenomenon. The Second World War seems to have been a major turning point in the fight against poverty, with many soldiers returning from the â€Å"backward† countries of the world realising the types of awful living conditions that many people in the developing world still endure today. Indeed the bulk of international bodies encouraging development, such as the World Bank and the United Nations’ development agencies, were only established after World War Two. Furthermore, the successful implementation of the Marshall Plan, a program during which huge quantities of physical capital and technical assistance were donated by the US to the war-stricken countries of Europe, sparked new academic interest in development economics as professional economists studied their own development processes. Economists were to a certain degree ignorant to the economic growth processes in largely agrarian developing countries with little modern economic structures. Initial policies to combat underdevelopment focused on rapid capital accumulation, like those put forward in the Marshall Plan, to increase worker productivity and thus increase GNP/Capita (Capital fundamentalism). During the 1950s and 60s many developing countries did achieve what economists at the time believed to be development; this being sustained growth rates of 5-7%. However standards of living in many countries did not change, as growth was unequally distributed. This was largely due to the economic, social, and institutional differences between developed and developing countries. More recently empirical studies by American economist Hollis B Chenery have tried to provide more mathematical and objective tools to combat underdevelopment. Development is not just a measure of the average citizen’s ability to buy goods and services but rather a complex process involving major structural c hanges in the economy, â€Å"redistribution from growth†, higher rates of total factor productivity and the annihilation of poverty, as well as accelerating economic growth. One developing economy that exemplifies many of the experiences, past and present, of many less developed countries today is that of Kenya. The structural changes observed as economies move across the development trajectory, as well as why Kenya’s sectoral shares of GNP accounted for by agriculture, manufacturing and services differ from Chenery’s estimates that will be the focus of this essay. As a developing economy moves along the development trajectory, one of the most important structural changes is the replacement of agriculture as the main component of production by the more profitable manufacturing and service sectors. This change is inherent in the growth process given the differing characteristics between agricultural and manufacturing commodities. Firstly, the majority of agricultural products are inferior goods; they have inelastic income elasticity, whereas some manufacturing goods have income elasticity greater than unity. Therefore as people’s incomes rise there will be a less than proportionate increase in the demand for agricultural products. On the other hand their demand for manufactured goods will increase. This explains a further structural change in the economy. The proportion of consumer demand accounted for by food (and other basic necessities) falls whilst the proportion spent on diverse manufactured goods and on service increases. ENGELS LAW FROM INTERMEDIATE MICRO BOOK Secondly, on the production side, agricultural production often exhibits deceasing returns to scale. Increases in productivity due to technological progress, allow greater income, and are regularly insufficient to provide for a rapidly increasing population, as the value of total product is shared between the workers. These Malthusian pressures encourage workers to seek work in the modern sector in the beginning of the development process. Towards the end of the development trajectory, capital intensive methods may well serve to increase this surplus labour. In contrast the manufacturing sector, where all factors of production are variable, benefits from increasing returns to scale. Therefore firms wish to expand output in order to further cut log run average cost. In the Lewis theory of development this expansion is facilitated by the movement of labour from rural communities to a more urban way of life. The Lewis Model of Modern-Sector Growth in a Two-Sector Surplus-Labour Eco nomy The Lewis model looks at the transfer of this surplus labour. He theorises that a wage differential of 30% between subsistence farm work and work in the modern sector will be enough compensate for the economic and social cost of changing to an urban way of life. To a certain degree the cost will be balanced by the attraction of what we would classify as basic amenities such as sanitation, electricity, education and health services. This mass rural-urban migration is another key structural change as an economy develops. With greater access to health facilities and educational structures the quality of human capital will increase. An able and educated labour force will find it easier to adapt to new technology in the modern sector thus increasing labour productivity. Indeed, along with greater awareness and accessibility to birth control family size and population growth rates will decrease. A key factor contributing to a smaller family size is the quality of human capital that t he family produces as parents rely on their children for economic security in the future. An educated child will hopefully be more employable and earn a higher income in the modern sector either in the developing country or abroad. The trade off between current and future benefits and costs of children can be seen in the diagram below: NOTES FROM DEV ECON One constraint on the structural transformation of a developing country is the leaching of its highly skilled and professional classes to developed countries. This can be seen as an indirect opportunity cost for the developing economy as government expenditure on anything other than creating high income job opportunities may have contributed to a loss in human capital. Another key focal point in the Lewis model is the growth of output and employment in the modern industrial sector. This is achieved by another structural change in the developing economy, the proportions of GNP Saved and invested increasing. This allows a steady accumulation of both human and physical capital. Lewis assumes that all the profits are reinvested into the production process, buying more capital to duplicate the process and thus creating more employment. This assumption seems unrealistic as firms may wish to cut the costs of production, in the interests of competition, by investing in labour saving technologies. An international constraint on this structural transformation is the occurrence of capital flight, where companies invest their profits overseas usually in Western banks instead of reinvesting it in the developing economy. DIAGRAM ON LEWIS MODEL AND MINOR ANNOTATIONS! The composition of exports also shows evidence of the structural change in the proportions of GNP with the share of manufactured exports in GNP as well as in total exports increasing and the share of primary exports in total exports decreasing. These figures may be interrelated in the sense that a larger manufacturing sector will require an increased volume of raw materials that may be efficiently produced domestically. Other contributing factors to the decrease of primary exports include; the price volatility of primary goods in global markets, the relative higher profit margins on finished goods and also the encouragement of private foreign investment through the use of tax incentives etc. The government’s revenue as a proportion of GNP also increases as an economy develops. This hopefully allows the government to formulate more effective policies in the fight against underdevelopment. Expenditure on education increases total factor productivity, with primary giving the highest social return on investment. Similarly expenditure on the physical infrastructure of a country, such as transportation and communication links, also assists in trade opening up new markets and lowering haulage costs. The government’s tax policy also plays an active role in the income distribution within the economy. The composition of income distribution also changes as an economy develops with the proportion of GNP received by the highest 20% of income earners rising at the beginning of the development then falling. Furthermore the proportion of national income earned by the lowest 40% falls then rises. A harsh regressive tax policy may counterbalance this new-found income fo r the poorest people in society. The structural changes presented thus far can be found in American economist Hollis Chenery’s empirical studies into development patterns. Chenery’s research looks at the necessary but not sufficient changes in economic, social, and institutional variables over time that allow a traditional peasant agricultural economy to metamorphose into an economy that relies on more stable manufacturing and service sectors as both the main component and stimulant of GNP. In his research paper â€Å"Development Patterns: Among Countries and Over Time† Chenery splits the countries into smaller subgroups to make the results more credible and useful. This allows policy makers to review the results and hopefully formulate effective development policies. By applying cross sectional and time series data into multiple regression analysis Chenery calculated accurate estimates (given the repeated sampling) of relationships between economic variables. For example the relationship b etween the proportions of GNP accounted for by agriculture, manufacturing, and services with the level of GNP/Capita (PPP) and population would be calculated as follows: When the actual values for the Kenyan sectoral shares of GNP are compared to the Chenery estimates, they show deviations. For instance Chenery’s normal level of manufacturing’s share of output overestimates the actual value for manufacturing’s share of output in Kenya by %. In fact, Chenery’s estimate would have been much more accurate in the first decade after Kenya’s independence from the United Kingdom when state owned manufacturing enterprises were the main engine behind growth rates of 7%. However the oil price shocks during1973-74 coupled with severe drought in 1984 played leading roles in the reduction of growth figures to negative values throughout the 1990’s. Coupled with a declining total GNP is the relative increase in agricultures share of output. Indeed this partly explains Chenery’s underestimation of % in agriculture’s share of output. The following features specific to Kenya inhibit domestic savings and investment that are seen as necessary but not sufficient to development in Chenery’s â€Å"Patterns of Development†. For instance, heavy rainfalls frequently endured by the Kenyan people often destroy vital infrastructure such as roads, bridges and telephone lines. Entrepreneurial activity and foreign direct investment are discouraged as a result due to the increased uncertainty over transportation and communication links. Crops may also be ravaged by extremes of rainfall. For example in 1984 severe drought compromised many manufacturing enterprises involving the processing of crops such as maize, tobacco, and cotton. Kenya’s shortages in basic infrastructure such as hydroelectric power also contribute to the lack of industry. Infrastructure built to facilitate during the colonial period may also not be applicable for internal use. In addition, Kenya suffers from a relatively low endowment of natural resources when compared to other countries of its size. With three fifths of the country being semiarid desert making the land infertile, economic activity is limited. Agricultural production in these areas is mainly nomadic farming, where a person’s wealth is measured in terms of ownership of animals. This is largely X-inefficient as people do not seek to profit-maximise as they are happy with their current standards of living. Domestic savings are largely impossible to many nomadic farmers and thus decrease investment. This pastoral way of life also makes the provision of healthcare and education more difficult. Kenya’s climate also increases the disease burden on the economy with malaria, Cholera and Tuberculosis decreasing worker productivity and increasing healthcare costs. Climatic conditions are more favourable in coastal areas and around Lake Victoria where the greatest concentration of fertile land and population lies. In fact Agriculture is the backbone of the country’s economy employing 85% of the population with tea and coffee being the main cash crops. Unfortunately for Kenya current world demand for these products is lower than supply causing export earnings, helping in the payment of internal loans, to plummet. With lowering incomes for many farmers, tax revenues will fall, thus the acquisition of physical capital by both public and private sectors will decrease. Agricultural production is highly labour intensive as the tools used by workers are very basic and the tstste fly hampers the use of animals in many areas thus lowering productivity. Furthermore institutional constraints exacerbate the insufficient funds needed for the manufacturing sector to increase. Frequently in the past the government would give farmers a set price, often below the world market value, for their cash crops. Thus profits from production would not be invested in domestic banks or back into the production process. With extreme climatic conditions desecrating crop yields and farmers living on subsistence levels of income this has caused rapid rural-urban migration. With a population growth rate of 2.3% and unemployment at 30% this has induced many workers into the informal petty services sector of the economy. This greatly contrasts service sectors in the developed world where the provision of finance, leisure and commerce take precedence. The relative accuracy of the Chenery estimate here with only a overestimation/underestimation can be partly explained by this occurrence. Similarly Kenya’s tourism industry bulks up this figure. However the recent bombing of the United States of America’s embassy building in Nairobi and the increased terror threat have decreased must needed foreign exchange earnings by 40%. Kenya currently has a Transparency Internal Corruption perceptions Index score of 2.1, significantly higher than other large countries used in the calculations. Given the countries heterogeneous ethnicity and religious background, corruption and political upheaval have plagued the Kenyan economy for many years and may be the main reason behind the inaccuracy of Chenery’s estimate of manufacturing’s share of output. Corruption has served to pull the plug on investment with public confidence in financial institutions faltering thus resulting in a Gross National Savings figure of 11% , 2% lower than the Sub-Saharan average. Government intervention in markets and the distribution of import licences along with other regulatory measures have caused allocative and productive inefficiency within the Kenyan economy. Corruption serves the comprador groups that have only self interests in the current share of output; not on the long term growth of the economy. Furthermore, corruption has also become an international constraint on structural change. For example during the summer of 1997 the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank ceased nearly three hundred million dollars of vital investment. Political instability has also served to deter foreign multinational companies locating in Kenya with its neighbours Tanzania and Uganda now receiving greater levels of foreign direct investment. Technological progress suffers as a result as many foreign companies are the providers of new technology. This has perpetuated Kenya’s vicious cycle of poverty: Kenya’s macro economy has suffered major setbacks in the past thirty years. The failure expansionary policies during the 1980’s have left Kenya with a current level of external indebtedness in the region of $5.7billion. This serves to worsen the already troubling budget deficit as an increasing percentage of export earnings outflow to international banks. Expenditure on improving human capital such as education and the provision of healthcare has been cut thus lowering the potential for workers to absorb foreign technology. Kenya’s current Human development index figure of 0.489 indicates this to foreign investors. Kenya’s current indebtedness also restricts access to future external capital funds as many banks see them as too much of a risk. The disbarment of the East African trade agreement also aggravates declining export earnings The correlation between Kenya’s rapid population growth of 2.3% and dismal performance in manufacturing can be seen through Solow’s growth model: diagram on pg 202 Mankiw.Therefore with a population growth rate of 2.3 % the Kenyan economy must grow by %. This enables the structural change within the economy towards Chenery’s estimates. In conclusion, structural changes observed as economies move across the development trajectory are not identical in every country. Deviations originate from different domestic and international constraints facing any economy. Therefore policymakers can hopefully encourage development using a combination of Chenery’s â€Å"Patterns of Analysis† approach and well-informed local information into the constraints faced by the developing country. The deviations may also be partly explained on the empirical methods used by Chenery as much of the data relies on national income accounts which inherently contain imperfections due to factors such as double counting and the shadow economy. Research Papers on 3/4th Of the World Lives In The Third World - Economics EssayPETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesDefinition of Export QuotasAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBringing Democracy to AfricaOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Create A Winning Registered Nurse Resume!

Create A Winning Registered Nurse Resume! When you’re looking for a new position as a Registered Nurse, you want to create a resume that perfectly summarizes all you have to offer.  Of course, if you listed everything you’ve done as an RN it could fill a book–not just 1-2 pages. Let’s look at where you can start when creating a resume for RN jobs. OrganizationKeeping your resume tightly organized will make it easier hiring managers to read and follow. Create headers for important categories: Certifications, Professional Experience, Education, and Additional Skills (selling points that don’t fit into any of the other categories).Your Professional ExperienceBy far, the largest and most important section will be your Professional Experience. Nursing duties vary from job to job. That’s why, when describing your responsibilities at current and former workplaces, you’ll want to give as much specific detail as possible. Don’t just write in generalities (â€Å"Worked with ma ternity patients.†)–instead, list the exact procedures you mastered within the maternity ward. Get down to the nitty gritty. In which systems are you proficient? How many patients did you handle per shift? In which subspecialties are you well-versed? Paint a picture for prospective employers of exactly what you did at every job you list.What Makes You A Perfect Fit?Of course, space is limited. Can’t decide which specifics you should highlight? Your first reference should be the job description of the position you hope to get! What precise skills are they looking for, and what in your past history matches up with this? Put these overlaps front and center, and most importantly, be sure to change up your resume for every different job application. One resume does not fit all!Before a prospective employer sees you face-to-face, your resume has to represent all you have to offer. Think about what in your professional past makes you a perfect fit, and then get it down on paper!How to Write a Resume for a Registered Nurse JobRead More at www.careeraddict.com

Geography of Desire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geography of Desire - Essay Example In addition, people tend to possess a certain kind of attitude and cliche in the way that they lead their lives. This can be explained by the fact the urban environment in the area has certain emotional and psychological effects on the people. Hollywood environment brings out a certain glitz and glamour of the lifestyles led by the people. This starts from the beautiful scenery surrounding the district. To the north, the district is bordered by the Hollywood hills that bring out a certain natural sense of its environment. Therefore, nature has been well preserved in the district to keep the environment well grown and furnished. This is a way of upholding the beauty of the place. In addition, Hollywood is also known for its clean and well developed streets that bring out the whole picture of the major industry of the district, which is the acting industry (Wilson, 10). For instance, Hollywood Boulevard is a street that is rarely jammed up with vehicles due to its spacious definition. The economy of the district has grown significantly due to the income generated from the film industry. A congressional research analysis carried out in the city showed that the city’s economy has thrived greatly since, the motion picture and sound recording industries contribute close to 5% of the overall GDP of the area (Masnick, 1). In addition, news also showed that the film and recording industry was not seriously affected by the great depression as compared to other industries, which were almost closing down. Hollywood is a city that is slightly densely populated and thus, the labor supply is high. However, due to the many production industries, the demand for labor is also high thus, keeping the level of unemployment very low. This is especially supported by the fact that most of the people in the district are mainly involved in the film production industry. The transport systems are also well developed since the culture of area mainly involves use of private cars as o pposed to public means of transport (Masnick, 1). This can be explained by the fact that, Hollywood people have embraced driving themselves. Social aspects of Hollywood can be judged as being carefree and happy-go-lucky. The filming industry has grown to extremes that tend to create a certain image in people’s minds. People in the city tend to ape the ways of the films that they watch (Medved, 15). Therefore, the morality of Hollywood has always been in doubt. Recent news given by the New York Times newspaper showed that; unlike the older films, the current films produced in Hollywood were full of excessive and lustful kissing scenes, nudity, profanity and scenes full of passion (Sarfati, 1). Such films changed the culture of Hollywood into a different era that encouraged adultery and crime. Therefore, the culture of the city has changed into that of a city with a very low level of morality. However, Hollywood is also a place that is filled with creativity and invention. Each day different ways of doing things is invented in the city. Partying and clubbing are also a common culture in Hollywood. Families also tend to hold tea parties, get-togethers and family reunions that bring people together (Wilson, 18). The political environment in Hollywood does not play a major role in shaping the culture of the city since; being a district within Los Angeles, Hollywood does not hold its own municipal government. However, the city used to have a mayor by the name Johnny Grant who directed the city’

What's the matter with business ethics Research Paper

What's the matter with business ethics - Research Paper Example Business Ethics discourages any activity that induces the feeling of discrimination among the masses. Therefore it does not allow the corporate managers to give rise to inequality on the basis on gender, race, color, nationality, religion, etc. The organizations operating in one country and the multinationals in particular should not disgrace the human dignity neither they should violate the human rights as they both constitute to the economic development and the achievement of common good at large. The objective behind this paper is to introduce business ethics and its affiliation with economic development. Additionally this paper will also discuss the human dignity, human rights, international law regarding business ethics and the common good. To increase the authenticity and reliability of the paper examples and references from Bible and Encyclicals are also considered. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2012) defines Ethics as morally good or bad ideas forming the basic rules and regulations which are to be followed by every individual in order to remain in restrictions and to fulfill the expectations of required behavior. Ethics are studied under the courses of Philosophy which explains the students about good and bad actions and activities. Business Ethics are related to the behavior of individuals who are associated with the organization. It is a relatively broad term which not only deals with the employees of a particular organization but it also explains the expected behavior of suppliers, customers, consumers, competitors, etc. (Business Ethics, 2012). Business Ethics do not explain the actual behavior of a person rather it deals with â€Å"what we should do† or â€Å"what we must do† sort of statements i.e. the basic principles upon which the foundation of the organization is laid by its owners and stakeholders. Nearly every

Office Management Essay Example for Free

Office Management Essay According to Npower (Business Case Studies) Often these decisions are administrative in nature and can be implemented quickly and tend to carry a little risk and are smaller scale, but are never the less important choices that people have to make to fulfil their role. Strategic Decision Implementing that laptops are to be used by partners while out of the office would be a strategic decision. There are lots of problems with the partners being out of the office and with the use of laptops as communication tools this will provide a direct link between the office staff and the partners. I believe that this is a strategic decision as with the right planning and overseeing the development this could really be a step forward for Classic Interiors because work can be exchanged between partners and the office and messages can be passed on effectively meaning that there won’t be a build-up of work or office staff with no work and communication between everyone will be made a lot easier. Operational Decision Stipulating a lunch time for each staff member would be an organisational decision. The current system for lunch time is not convenient as the employees get to decide when they go as long as one of them is in the office. I believe this is an operational decision because if affects the day to day running of the organisation. If the administrators were set a lunch hour each they would have to stick to it and get used to working alongside the time set. Role of Office Manager Operational Planning Process As the office manager my role in establishing a new routine for lunch hour would be to organise a meeting to communicate the proposed changes with administrators and gain their views. Then I would create a plan to put forward to the administrators and partners. When a decision has been reached and the new plan is put into action I would have to oversee the progress of the plan gathering feedback at every opportunity. Issues There is increased frustration between partners and administrators due to the partners carrying out task they believe the administrators could be doing which would free up more time for the partners. The solution to this would be to for all administrators to be trained how to use the specialist interior design software, this would enable them to alleviate the work load from the partners and feel more involved in the design side of their work. This would likely be time consuming to train the administrators but the overall outcome would be beneficial to the company. The relationship between partners and the administrators is suffering due to the partners being out of the office as communication is often via short telephone messages and emails which has led to information being mis-communicated. The solution would be to introduce the use of PDA’s (Personal digital Assistants) for partners to be able to communicate with administrators. This would enable the administrators to contact the partners if a problem arises while carrying out work so that no mistakes are made and also they would be able to check their diaries to make appointments without the chance of double booking. Instant messaging could also help with communication as they are received instantly and can be replied to in seconds. Financial Planning and Budgetary Control Financial Planning According to Jim Priebe (ehow) A financial plan is like a blue print. It is a description of what you want to achieve and the tools you need to achieve it. Financial planning is the process of asking questions to ensure that you manage your risk against unexpected events. Managers need to be able to exercise control over the organisation that they manage to make sure that financial plans are being achieved both for the long term and the short term. Benefits of financial planning are: 1 Reducing the risk of a financial crisis. 2 Allows you to understand how each financial decision made affects other areas of finance. Barriers of financial planning are: 1 It can be time consuming 2 Can be costly as will involve accountants. Budgetary Control Budgetary control is precise control of an organisations operations through establishment of standards and targets concerning income and expenditure. Continuous monitoring is required to be effective. Benefits of budgetary control are: 1 Coordinates activities across departments. 2 Provides a record of organisational activities. Barriers of budgetary control are: 1 Budgets can demotivate staff. 2 May cause competition for resources. Effective Delegation Delegation is the distribution of tasks by the office manager. Giving responsibilities to employees to carry out the work but the work will remain liable to the office manager. When delegation is carried out properly very good results and high productivity can be achieved. The Process of Delegation Delegation can be very difficult. The process of delegation is: 1 Define the task 2 Select the Individual 3 Explain what must be achieved (clear instructions) 4 Discuss requirement to completion 5 Agree a deadline 6 Be there for support 7 Always give feedback Benefits Time management would be a benefit of delegation as this would allow partners to delegate work so that they have a more manageable work load. Delegating tasks will motivate staff and increase productivity. Barriers Forcing someone to do a task that they don’t want to or are not capable of would be a barrier, this can be seen in the case study when Izzy asked one of the administrators to just follow what had been done before. This lead to the administrator getting upset and Izzy feeling unable to approach anyone else. This could have been avoided by management setting out a procedure for staff to follow and allocating the task to someone suitable. Confusion about who is ultimately responsible for tasks is a barrier to effective delegation, this can be seen in the case study as partners are frustrated because they believe that administration is responsible for some of their tasks. This can be corrected by training administrators to make the delegation process easier. Leadership Models I think Tomi uses democratic leadership. As Tomi involves the staff in the decision making process of meeting times and encouraged staff to offer their opinions which made the administrators feel like what they said mattered. I believe Izzi uses Autocratic Leadership. When Izzi was in charge she would decide the times of meetings even when it was inconvenient to the others meaning work started to suffer which she then thought they could not manage and devised a new procedure which is hopeless but Izzi cannot see this. Staff find it difficult to communicate with her. Autocratic Leadership works where there is no need for input on the decisions and Democratic leadership works when a leader seeks help and guidance from staff to make decisions. Democratic leadership The impact of this leadership style is that it gives staff a voice and they are able to communicate better with management. Democratic leadership style encourages better cooperation and motivates staff because they feel well informed in everything that affects their work. Autocratic Leadership The impact of this leadership style is that it fails to motivate staff and they feel forced to do things managements way although It is not always the best way and staff become stressed being pushed. Autocratic leadership style encourages no communication between staff and management as management make all the decisions based on what they feel is best for the organisation. References Hamel, G. (2008) ‘What is strategic Decision Making’ http://smallbusiness. chron. com/strategic-decision-making-23782. html Npower. ‘Developing people through decision making’ http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/npower/developing-people-through-decision-making/tactical-decisions. html Priebe, J. ‘What is the purpose of Financial Planning’ http://www. ehow. com/info_7755005_purpose-financial-plan. html

Essay --

Now that we have demonstrated the Gothic influence on the Brontes’ writings , now that we have identified the interest the Brontes had in the Gothic, it seems logical to assume then that the vampire motif has been exploited not only in Emily and Charlotte Brontes’ works, it is also exploited by Anne Bronte throughout her second work The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. The creation of traditional supernatural vampires has no rhyme or reason. It has been like the galloping horse with no horse rider to control the race. Nineteenth century vampires of Gothic literature, by contrast, are literary tools serving some particular purpose. Carol A. Senf in her book The Vampire in Nineteenth Century English Literature stresses the fact that nineteenth century writers make use of the vampire as a social metaphor in realistic fiction. She writes thus:†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Polidori†¦does provide however the merest suggestion of the ways that writers, such as the Brontes and George Eliot, will use the vampire as a social metaphor when he gives the reader brief glimpses of a corrupt society where the wealthy, plagued by ennui, seek to alleviate their boredom by flirting with vice† (Senf: 39). Thus in the case of the vampire motif in a nineteenth century Gothic novel entitled The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, Anne uses Gothic metaphors rather than photographic descriptions to reveal the social horrors of her time. It appears now that Anne Bronte uses much the same narrative strategy as her sisters Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte. Like Charlotte and Emily, Anne Bronte diminishes the vampire’s mythic power and focuses on the sorts of cruelties her human characters display to destroy the lives of others. For instance, through the vampire motif Anne diverts her readers’ atten... ...uding the â€Å"New Woman† of the 1890s. That’s why the blood-sucking aspect of vampires is gradually being diluted by nineteenth century writers. It seems clear therefore, that Anne Bronte, through her outstanding work of art, joins Oscar Wilde’s view that any narrative strategy should be employed solely for unveiling the poor conditions of the time and not for gratifying a bourgeois taste of some kind. In his 1891 essay "The Soul of Man Under Socialism", Oscar Wilde stresses the fact that any artistic piece of work must be a product of the artist’s creative process. A work of art must have one supreme goal; representing what others need and not what others desire to see. This is exactly what constitutes a given artistic greatness, according to Wilde. Indeed, Only when the artist ceases to suit others’ desires, that he comes to be regarded a true artist.(witcombe.sbc.)

Health promotion Essay

Diversity among individuals, as well as cultures, provides a challenge for nurses when it comes to delivering meaningful health promotion and illness prevention-based education. How do teaching principles, varied learning styles (for both nurses and patients), and teaching methodologies impact the approach to education? How do health care providers overcome differing points of view regarding health promotion and disease prevention? Provide an exampleAccess to health care to obtain a complete physical examination before starting to exercise and the quality of the work or neighborhood environment available for exercise can contribute to success or failure of this objective. This objective is related to other objectives such as nutrition, obesity, and stroke prevention. Additionally, current knowledge about physical activity and specific populations was considered when creating the Healthy People 2020 objectives. Women, low-income populations, Black and Hispanic people, people with disabilities, and those older than age 75 exercise less than do White men with moderate-to-high incomes (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). These health disparities can influence the number of people in these groups who develop high cholesterol or high blood pressure measurements, which further increases their risk of heart disease and stroke. Although this objective addresses adults, other objectives address the need for beginning exercise activities at an early age and encouraging young adults to be actively engaged in exercise. How might this objective be adjusted to the needs of an older adult population? (Edelman 7) Edelman, Carole, Elizabeth Kudzma, Carol Mandle. Health Promotion Throughout the Life Span, 8th Edition. Mosby, 2014. VitalBook file.

Intervention Of Drug Abuse Among Adolescents Social Work Essays

Intervention Of Drug Abuse Among Adolescents Social Work Essays Intervention Of Drug Abuse Among Adolescents Social Work Essay Intervention Of Drug Abuse Among Adolescents Social Work Essay This paper states the definition and chief hazard factors of drug maltreatment at first. Then, it reviews the three theoretical accounts for drug maltreatment bar, including information theoretical account, affectional theoretical account and societal influence theoretical account. It besides mentioned chemical interventions and psychological interventions of drug maltreatment. There are some remarks on the psychological interventions. The writer brings up some bar and intercession programs of striplings drug maltreatment in the last portion. Keywords: drug maltreatment, striplings, bar and intercession Introduction What is drug maltreatment? There are many definitions of it. Normally, common people think that taking drugs can fulfill individuals desire of felicity. Just as Miller ( 1995 ) states Drug maltreatment implies willful, improper usage due to an implicit in upset or a pursuit for hedonic or immoral pleasance i?p. 10i?†° . Actually, it includes many facets non merely societal values but besides scientific position and non merely physical grounds but besides psychological elements. So the definition of drug maltreatment typically refers to 4 dimensions, including the nonmedical usage of a substance, changing the mental province, a mode that is damaging to the person or the community and illegality ( Abadinsky, 2001 ) . Papalia, Olds and Feldman ( 2009 ) define substance dependance as physical dependence or psychological add-on or both to a harmful substance. If an stripling has drug maltreatment, the maltreatment can take to substance dependance, or dependence, which may be physiological, psychological, or both and is likely to go on into maturity ( Papalia et al. , 2009, p. 366 ) . Addictive drugs have peculiarly high hazard for striplings as they stimulate parts of the developing encephalons of striplings ( Chambers, Taylor A ; Potenza, 2003 ) . As economic development, the drug-taking state of affairs of striplings is non acquiring better. Harmonizing to the World Drug Report 2010 ( United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [ UNODC ] , 2010 ) , drug usage has stabilized in the developed universe, nevertheless, there are marks of an addition in drug usage in developing states and turning maltreatment of amphetamine-type stimulations and prescription drugs around the universe. From 2004 to 2009, the figure of drug-taking people who was under 21 old ages old was increased by more than 50 % in Hong Kong ( Zhu, 2010 ) . What are the hazard factors for drug maltreatment of striplings? There are 4 sorts of common hazard factorsi?including Psychosocial Factors i?Low Self-esteem, Depression and Suicidei?†° , Family Factors ( Low Familism, Family Substance Abuse Problems and Parent Smoking ) , Peer Factors ( Perceived Peer Approval and Perceived Peer Use ) and Deviance Factors ( Disposition to Deviance and Delinquent Behavior ) ( Vega A ; Gil, 1998 ) . It can non easy state which factor is the most of import 1. It depends on the state of affairss those different adolescent experiences. Three Models for Drug Abuse Prevention Drug maltreatment bar aimed at cut downing the supply or the demand for drugs of maltreatment ( Abadinsky, 2001 ) . There are three theoretical accounts ( Ellickson, 1995 ) that focused on schools and school-based antidrug plans, including information theoretical account, affectional theoretical account and societal influence theoretical account. Information Model Adolescents can likely avoid drugs, if they comprehend their possible jeopardies, so this theoretical account chiefly aimed at giving information. The information theoretical account posits a causal sequence taking from cognition ( about drugs ) to attitude alteration ( negative ) to behavior alteration ( nonuse ) ( Ellickson, 1995, p. 100 ) . Sometimes the daze or panic is needed in this theoretical account, such as difficult striking antidrug pictures, negotiations by ex-junkies, or Television and hoarding runs that show the frightened state of affairs of drug usage ( Cohen, 1996 ) . This theoretical account chiefly focuses on the educational attack. It was supposed that pupils can do rational determinations to maintain away from drugs because of increasing cognition ( Abadinsky, 2001 ) . Through information theoretical account, striplings can hold a correct and renewed consciousness of drug maltreatment. Affectional Model This theoretical account pays more attending on persons themselves and their personality. The theoretical account assumes that striplings who turn to drugs make so because of jobs within themselves-low self-esteem or unequal personal accomplishments in communicating and determination devising ( Ellickson, 1995, p. 101 ) . This theoretical account has an effort at bettering a pupil s self-image, ability to interact within a group and problem-solving ability, and dressed ores on feelings, values, and self-awareness, and sometimes on personal values and picks ( Abadinsky, 2001 ) . These premises are by and large implemented through communicating preparation, equal guidance, function playing and assertiveness preparation ( Abadinsky, 2001, p. 232 ) . Using affectional theoretical account, striplings can beef up their assurance, better competence of covering with incidents and have right value judgement. Social Influence Model This theoretical account more focal points on decision-making. The societal influence theoretical account is centered on external influences that push pupils toward drug usage, particularly peer force per unit area, every bit good as internal influences, such as the desire to be accepted by the crowd ( Abadinsky, 2001, p. 229 ) . There are two marks that need to accomplish via societal influence theoretical account. First this theoretical account aims to allow stripling to hold the consciousness of the equal force per unit areas that they are sing and secondly to better their opposition accomplishments for stating no under emphasis ( Abadinsky, 2001 ) . Treatments for Drug Abuse There are two chief facets of drug maltreatment interventions, including chemical interventions and psychological interventions. Harmonizing to the categorization of Abadinsky ( 2001 ) , chemical interventions contain opioid adversaries, chemicals for detoxification, opioid agonists, chemical responses to cocaine maltreatment and CRF adversaries. Abadinsky ( 2001 ) besides mentions that psychological interventions include a psychoanalytic attack, behavior alteration and group intervention. Due to the demands of survey and the bound of professional knowledgei?this paper chiefly focuses on the psychological facets. Firstlyi?let us look at the psychoanalytic attack. This attack is really professional and high cost. It is really complicated and hard to command for societal workers. It does non hold catholicity and possible reproduction. This attack normally applies in some particular and serious instances. Then we move on to the behavior alteration. There are 4 primary sorts of behavior alteration, such as antipathy intervention, societal larning theory attack, cognitive acquisition theory attack and eventuality direction and eventuality catching ( Abadinsky, 2001 ) . Although the success rate of antipathy intervention is high, it is a sort of compulsive and cold curative method, particularly for striplings, no affair in physical or mental sides. This intervention addresses the symptoms, non the cause. Abusers will take drugs once more when the antipathy conditioned automa tic starts to weaken. Contingency direction and eventuality catching is outside the range of this paper s enquiry. Social larning theory attack and cognitive acquisition theory attack are referred below. Group intervention is really utile and widespread. It is frequently used by societal workers. Prevention and intercession program of striplings drug maltreatment There are three dimensions of bar and intercession program in this paper. They are macro degree, mezzo degree and micro degree. Macro degree This degree is more about bar program. Harmonizing to the Information Model ( Ellickson, 1995 ) , it needs at least three-party attempts, including school, community and school. School. Schools should heighten the instruction of drug maltreatment and the drug maltreatment s jeopardies, non merely verbal and written signifiers, but besides some other lively signifiers, such as films and activities. I think the film Crimson Jade is really aghast 1. Possibly schools can happen more films of this sort to demo to striplings. If they know the fearful effects of drug maltreatment, they will desire to take drugs less. Community. Actually communities execute a really similar function with schools for the bar of striplings. But another thing that communities should pay particular attending to is about striplings household state of affairs, particularly for the striplings whose parents have substance maltreatment jobs. Media. Mass media should play a positive and active function in bar of striplings drug maltreatment. Some programmes that focus on drug maltreatment should be shown on a regular basis. And ground-breaking ocular public service advertisement of drug maltreatment should demo on Television, newspaper, Internet, even billboard everyplace. Social influence theoretical account ( Ellickson, 1995 ) can be besides used in macro degree. Schools can do many talks to allow pupils cognize that they are all under equal force per unit areas and form some activities to learn pupils to develop opposition accomplishments for drug maltreatment. Mezzo degree Mezzo degree contains bar program and intercession program. It is more about group work. Group attack is that stimulation toward betterment arises from net work of interpersonal influences in which all members take part ( Northern, 1969, p. 52 ) . Group work is one of the most common work methods for societal workers. Prevention program of mezzo degree. The bar program concentrates on affectional theoretical account. Mentioning to affectional theoretical account ( Ellickson, 1995 ) , striplings are divided into groups to make some guidance and preparation about affectional accomplishments ( communicating, determination devising, self-assertion ) believed related to drug usage ( Abadinsky, 2001 ) . The guidance and developing need the engagement of societal workers. In this sort of group, societal workers should pay particular attending to those striplings who do non desire to speak. Intervention program of macro degree. This intercession program focuses on group intervention. Due to societal workers may non hold drug-taking experience, group intervention can do adolescent clients experience more willing to pass on and peer interaction is more powerful ( Abadinsky, 2001 ) . In add-on, some debatable interpersonal Acts of the Apostless will look in a group ( Flores, 1988 ) . Using group intervention, striplings of drug maltreatment can portion and place with others who are traveling through similar jobs ; understand their ain attitudes about dependence and defences in others ; and larn to pass on demands and feelings more straight ( Flores, 1988, p. 7 ) . Adolescents truly need the support from others. Social workers should pay particular attending to utmost clients who are non appropriate with group intervention and societal workers should guarantee a suited graduated table of different groups. Micro degree Micro degree more concerns on adolescent maltreaters themselves and their milieus. There are two utile intercession attacks with this degree one is societal larning theory attack and the other one is cognitive larning theory attack. Social larning theory attack. Abadinsky ( 2001 ) identifies societal larning theory as a discrepancy of behaviourism focal points on cognitive meditational procedures and people are active participants in their operant conditioning processes-they determine what is and what is non reenforcing ( p. 205 ) . Actually there are many grounds behind the striplings who have drug maltreatment. Possibly there are some jobs with their households, their school public presentation, their interpersonal communicating and organic structures agony. Social workers must pay more attending to the grounds behind the drug maltreatment of striplings and give more forbearance. So in this intercession, societal workers should follow three stairss. The first measure is to understand why patients may be more likely to utilize in a given state of affairs and to understand the function that drugs play in their lives ( Abadinsky, 2001, p. 205 ) . The 2nd measure is to assist patients develop meaningful alte rnate reinforcing stimuluss to drug maltreatment, that is, other activities and engagements ( relationships, work and avocations ) ( Abadinsky, 2001, p. 205 ) . The 3rd measure is to do a elaborate scrutiny of the effects for adolescent clients to prove whether their drug maltreatment reduces ( Abadinsky, 2001 ) . Social workers should seek their best to happen the root causes of striplings drug maltreatment and header with them. This attack focuses on the milieus of adolescent maltreaters. Cognitive acquisition theory attack. This attack emphasizes the consciousness of positive and negative effects of drug maltreatment for striplings themselves and the agreements before taking drugs ( Abadinsky, 2001 ) . Social workers can inquire adolescent maltreaters to compose a dairy of their drug abuse that includes the state of affairss when they use drugs and the effects after they use drugs. Social workers ought to animate clients to reexamine their worst experience with drug maltreatment and believe more about the bad impact of taking drugs. This sort of panic tactic can detain the period before taking drugs. Then societal workers besides need to learn adolescent maltreaters a set of relax accomplishments to better their tenseness. This attack focuses on adolescent maltreaters themselves and relies on their ain consciousness to cut down drug maltreatment. Drug maltreatment of striplings is truly a barbarous spiral and a long-run perennial procedure. It needs non merely the societal workers and adolescent maltreaters attempts, but besides their households , friends , other relevant individuals and the whole society s attempts.

Analysis of Mrs Hayward from the Novel Spies by Michael Frayn

How is the character of Mrs Hayward developed throughout the opening 3 chapter of Frayn’s ‘Spies’? Mrs Hayward is a contradictory character who is established through Stephen’s fragmented memory to be both a character of smiling perfection and a broken woman, sitting in the dust weeping. She is both the embodiment of a perfect British wartime wife and a character of suspicion; a spy, a traitor, the epitome of deceit and the focus of two young boys’ overzealous imagination. When the reader is first introduced to this character it is through the listing of three declarative clauses in one of Stephen’s long, complex sentences. It is here that his fragmented memory is emphasised by the fragmented syntax where only glimpses of Mrs Hayward are shared with the reader. She is ‘in the long-lost green summer shade, her brown eyes sparkling, laughing at something Keith has written. ’ Through his use of the verbs ‘sparkling’ and ‘laughing’ Mrs Hayward is portrayed as a friendly and happy character who clearly takes delight from time spent with her child. The use of the adjectives ‘blue’, ‘green’ and ‘long-lost’, help to coat the memory with a sense of vibrancy and suggest that these memories, and characters, are positive, fun and safe; they belong to a lost time that was happy. This is further reflected in the use of pathetic fallacy as the memory, and Mrs Hayward, are in the ‘summer shade’, a time of year and image associated with freedom and enjoyment, suggesting this is a character who is pleasantly remembered and much-liked by the narrator. However, as Mrs Hayward is in the shade this could subtly suggest to the reader that there is an element of darkness to the character as she is shaded, half hidden and perhaps that her motivations and intentions are not always as clear as first imagined. The reflective, gentle tone of Mrs Hayward’s introduction is shattered by the use of the short simple sentence ‘Then the laughter’s gone. ’ indicating to the reader that the memory of her is tainted by events that are still unclear to the reader, events that leave her ‘sitting in the dust in front of [Stephen], weeping’. The antithesis of ‘weeping’ and ‘laughing’ highlight to the reader how Mrs Hayward is a character who evokes feelings of both happiness and shame in Stephen, due to her respective actions and emotions. She is a fragmented and incomplete character who is portrayed to the audience through an anaphoric series of present tense memories, which make her actions, and consequent responses of the narrator, seem immediate and continual. She is a character who evokes an emotional response in our narrator almost sixty years after unknown events have occurred, suggesting to the reader that she is going to be central to his journey down ‘memory lane’. When Mrs Hayward is next introduced to the reader it is through elderly Stephen’s third person account of what would have happened if young Stephen had asked Keith to play at his house for the afternoon. This hypothetical pondering of the narrator occurs after a substantial amount of description has been dedicated to Keith’s home, room and father, suggesting to the reader that these male characters were the main objects of focus for young Stephen, Keith because he idolised his friend and his father because Stephen clearly feared him. Mrs Hayward then appears with her ‘perfectly plucked eyebrow’ while she is ‘reclining on a sofa’ and ‘looking up from her library book’. Frayn has positioned Mrs Hayward in the domestic sphere of the house and then used stative verbs to show her lack of movement and action. This is further highlighted when Keith asks if he can go to Stephen’s house and Stephen knows ‘precisely’ that her response will be to tell Keith to ‘ask Daddy’. Here Mrs Hayward establishes herself as having a typical female role within a traditional patriarchal family. She is contemplative, rested and motherly, she does not make decisions; she is not the dominant person in the relationship and she defers decision-making to her male counterpart – not unlike Stephen in his childhood relationship with Keith. Keith’s mother is referred to in the opening chapters using either the pronoun ‘Mrs Hayward’ or ‘Keith’s mother’, both name link her clearly to the males in her life, showing their dominance as her identity is always linked to them. She is not given her own name or identity and this emphasizes the position that she is in within the family; she is the wife and mother. She is surrounded with the semantic sphere of tranquility and passivity, she is ‘unhurried’, ‘calmly smiling’ ‘reclining’ or ‘looking’ and the only time we ee any use of dynamic verbs is when she is ‘shopping’ or fetching things for Aunt Dee. Mrs Hayward is clearly enclosed within the domestic sphere and has a clear role within her family, even her diary entries revolve around ‘Ted’s parents’, ‘Ted to OH dinner’, ‘K’s term starts’, ‘K’s sports dayâ€⠄¢. Each of these entries foregrounds one of the men in her life and shows their overwhelming importance to her daily routines; this is not unfamiliar of a war-time lady of leisure in Britain but it does highlight how she is trapped and isolated from both the world and society. Mrs Hayward is clearly a character that on the surface is shrouded in an air of tranquility and domesticity. She is the image of perfection and is clearly held in an idiolised position, along with everything associated with Keith, according to Stephen and both his adult and child-like perspective. She is a character who appears rested and calm but underneath this facade there is a secret that she is keeping, it may not be that she is a German Spy like the young boys think but all is clearly not as it seems and Stephen’s ‘perfect’ account of her suggests in itself that maybe she is too good to be true.

Contemporary Issues in Leadership & Management Essay

Contemporary Issues in Leadership & Management - Essay Example in Newcastle England with a student population of over 40,000 students and over 6000 students being full time students while the rest are part- time students. The students come from all over the world with over 40 different nationalities. It’s based next to the train station, metro station and the international airport thus making it easily accessible. The mission statement of the institution aims at meeting the educational needs of the students, providing quality education, value and appreciates the diversity of its community, provide modern resources. It also involves valuing their students and members of staff while securing a future for the institution through growth and development. They offer various courses in different professions such as film studies, business studies, accounting, information technology, economics, English and literature, government, history, journalism, politics and physics. The college has an ultra modern lifestyle academy worth over 16 million pounds with a sports, tourism and beauty centre. It has an excellent restaurant facility, a gym and also a salon for students to relax and rejuvenate after a long and tiresome day. The salon is located at the top most floor of the building with excellent facilities for hair treatment, hair cuts and a nail bar and the services are available at affordable prices. They also have cardiovascular equipment, training machines, a fitness studio and they offer various classes in yoga, Pilates and different kinds of exercises to allow the students to keep fit. While at the Spa, students can enjoy Jaccuzi, relaxation beds, steam baths and a whirlpool .They also boast of the finest restaurant with great menus to enjoy. At the performance academy, they have a theatre that allows all the students to relax. It has a recording studio, a radio station, dancing studio, media production facilities, and performance theatres.The Mandela building has offered the Art and design students an opportunity to express